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ATR serine/threonine kinase OKDB#: 3865
 Symbols: ATR Species: human
 Synonyms: FRP1, MEC1, SCKL, FCTCS, SCKL1  Locus: 3q23 in Homo sapiens


For retrieval of Nucleotide and Amino Acid sequences please go to: OMIM Entrez Gene
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General Comment NCBI Summary: The protein encoded by this gene is a serine/threonine kinase and DNA damage sensor, activating cell cycle checkpoint signaling upon DNA stress. The encoded protein can phosphorylate and activate several proteins involved in the inhibition of DNA replication and mitosis, and can promote DNA repair, recombination, and apoptosis. This protein is also important for fragile site stability and centrosome duplication. Defects in this gene are a cause of Seckel syndrome 1. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]
General function Cell cycle regulation, Enzyme
Comment
Cellular localization Nuclear
Comment
Ovarian function Oogenesis, Oocyte growth
Comment Reversal of female infertility by Chk2 ablation reveals the oocyte DNA damage checkpoint pathway. Bolcun-Filas E 2014 et al. Genetic errors in meiosis can lead to birth defects and spontaneous abortions. Checkpoint mechanisms of hitherto unknown nature eliminate oocytes with unrepaired DNA damage, causing recombination-defective mutant mice to be sterile. Here, we report that checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2 or Chek2), is essential for culling mouse oocytes bearing unrepaired meiotic or induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Female infertility caused by a meiotic recombination mutation or irradiation was reversed by mutation of Chk2. Both meiotically programmed and induced DSBs trigger CHK2-dependent activation of TRP53 (p53) and TRP63 (p63), effecting oocyte elimination. These data establish CHK2 as essential for DNA damage surveillance in female meiosis and indicate that the oocyte DSB damage response primarily involves a pathway hierarchy in which ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) signals to CHK2, which then activates p53 and p63. /////////////////////////
Expression regulated by
Comment
Ovarian localization Oocyte
Comment ATR, BRCA1 and gammaH2AX localize to unsynapsed chromosomes at the pachytene stage in human oocytes. Garcia-Cruz R et al. Asynapsis of homologous chromosomes at the pachytene stage has been associated with gametogenic failure and infertility, but the cellular mechanisms involved are currently unknown in human meiocytes. In mice, the protein encoded by the breast-cancer susceptibility gene Brca1 has been described to direct kinase ATR (ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related) to any unpaired DNA at the pachytene stage, where ATR triggers H2AX phosphorylation, resulting in the silencing of those chromosomes. In this study, the distribution of ATR, BRCA1 and the phosphorylated histone gammaH2AX is assessed by immunofluorescence in human oocytes and it is found that they localize at unpaired chromosomes at the pachytene stage. Evidence is shown to propose that BRCA1, ATR and gammaH2AX in the human may be part of a system such as the one previously described in mouse, which signals unsynapsed chromosomes at pachytene and may lead to their silencing.
Follicle stages Primordial, Primary, Secondary, Antral, Preovulatory
Comment
Phenotypes
Mutations 1 mutations

Species: mouse
Mutation name:
type: null mutation
fertility: embryonic lethal
Comment: ATR disruption leads to chromosomal fragmentation and early embryonic lethality. Brown EJ et al. (2000) Although a small decrease in survival and increase in tumor incidence was observed in ATR(+/-) mice, ATR(-/-) embryos die early in development, subsequent to the blastocyst stage and prior to 7.5 days p.c. In culture, ATR(-/-) blastocysts cells continue to cycle into mitosis for 2 days but subsequently fail to expand and die of caspase-dependent apoptosis. Importantly, caspase-independent chromosome breaks are observed in ATR(-/-) cells prior to widespread apoptosis, implying that apoptosis is caused by a loss of genomic integrity. These data show that ATR is essential for early embryonic development and must function in processes other than regulation of p53.//////////////////

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Links
OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man: an excellent source of general gene description and genetic information.)
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created: Jan. 21, 2009, 1:44 p.m. by: hsueh   email:
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last update: March 23, 2020, 1:32 p.m. by: hsueh    email:



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