NCBI Summary:
The product of this gene is processed into 23- and 30-amino acid neuropeptides that bind and activate two G-protein coupled receptors in the central nervous system. The neuropeptides have been shown to enhance cortisol secretion from adrenal cells through the adenylate cyclase/protein kinase A signaling cascade. The preproprotein is translated using a non-AUG initiation codon that is inferred from analyses of the mouse ortholog. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
General function
Ligand, Hormone
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Cellular localization
Secreted
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Ovarian function
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Expression regulated by
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Ovarian localization
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Neuropeptide B and W: neurotransmitters in an emerging G-protein-coupled receptor system. Singh G et al. Deorphanised G-protein-coupled receptors represent new and expanding targets for drug development. Neuropeptide B (NPB) and W (NPW) have recently been identified as the cognate endogenous ligands for the orphan receptor GPR7, now designated as NPBW(1). NPB and NPW also bound to a second related orphan receptor, GPR8, now designated as NPBW(2) that is present in humans but not rats or mice. In humans, high levels of NPW mRNA have been visualised in the substantia nigra, whereas moderate expression levels have been detected in the amygdala. In peripheral tissues, expression of NPW mRNA has been confirmed in the progenital system, comprising the kidney, testis, uterus, ovary and placenta, and also in stomach homogenates. Immunocytochemical, molecular biological and autoradiography techniques have revealed a discrete CNS distribution for NPBW(1) in human, mouse and rat. Highest expression of NPBW(1) mRNA and protein was identified in the amygdala and hypothalamic nuclei known to regulate feeding behaviour. [(125)I]-NPW bound with a single high affinity to rat amygdala, K(D)=0.44 nM and 150 fmol mg(-1) protein. Physiological studies demonstrate that intracerebroventricular infusion of NPBW(1) ligands modulates feeding behaviour, regulates the release of corticosterone, prolactin and growth hormone while also manipulating pain pathway. Mouse knockout models of the gene encoding either NPB or NPBW(1) have a gender-specific phenotype, with moderate obesity evident in males but not females. Further investigation is required to elucidate the precise physiological role of NPB and NPW as neurotransmitters.British Journal of Pharmacology advance online publication, 17 July 2006; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706825.
Follicle stages
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Expression of neuropeptides B and W and their receptors in endocrine glands of the rat. Hochol A et al. Neuropeptides B and W (NPB and NPW) have been identified as endogenous ligands of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPR) 7 and 8, which in humans are expressed in the hypothalamus and probably involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis and feeding behavior. GPR8 is absent in the rat, where the GPR8-like receptor (GPR8-LR) has been described. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction detected the expression of NPB, NPW, GPR7 and GPR8-LR mRNAs in the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, thyroid and parathyroid glands, pancreatic islets, adrenal glands, ovary and testis of the rat. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated the presence of NPB and NPW immunoreactivities in these same glands. Radioimmune assay showed that the bolus intraperitoneal injection of 2 nmol/100 g NPB or NPW raised the plasma levels of parathyroid hormone, corticosterone and testosterone. NPB also increased the blood concentration of thyroxine, and NPW that of ACTH and estradiol. Taken together, these findings allow us to suggest that NPB and NPW play a role in the autocrine-paracrine functional regulation of the endocrine system in the rat.