NCBI Summary:
This gene is a main control point for the regulation of gluconeogenesis. The cytosolic enzyme encoded by this gene, along with GTP, catalyzes the formation of phosphoenolpyruvate from oxaloacetate, with the release of carbon dioxide and GDP. The expression of this gene can be regulated by insulin, glucocorticoids, glucagon, cAMP, and diet. Defects in this gene are a cause of cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase deficiency. A mitochondrial isozyme of the encoded protein also has been characterized. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
General function
Enzyme
Comment
Cellular localization
Cytoplasmic
Comment
Ovarian function
Early embryo development
Comment
A non-invasive test for assessing embryo potential by gene expression profiles of human cumulus cells: a proof of concept study. Assou S et al. Background Identification of new criteria for embryo quality is required to improve the clinical outcome of in vitro fertilization (IVF). The aim of this study was to determine the gene expression profile of cumulus cells (CC) surrounding the oocyte as biomarkers for embryo potential and to identify genes to be used as prognostic indicators of successful pregnancy. Methods CC from single oocytes were analyzed using DNA microarrays. Gene expression profiles of CC surrounding the oocyte associated with good embryonic quality and pregnancy outcome were computed. Results We observed that CC issued from oocytes that developed into embryos with a good morphology had differing gene expression profile according to the pregnancy outcome of the embryo. We demonstrated that the expression of BCL2L11, PCK1 and NFIB in CC is significantly correlated with embryo potential and successful pregnancy. These results were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. Conclusion The gene expression profiling of human CC correlates with embryo potential and pregnancy outcome. BCL2L11, PCK1 and NFIB genes are proposed as biomarkers for predicting pregnancy. Our findings suggest a non invasive approach, offering a new potential strategy for competent embryo selection. This approach should be validated in single embryo transfer (SET) programs.
Expression regulated by
FSH
Comment
Ovarian localization
Cumulus, Granulosa
Comment
Cited2 protein level in cumulus cells is a biomarker for human embryo quality and pregnancy outcome in one in vitro fertilization cycle. Fang Y et al. (2016) To determine whether the levels of CBP/p300 interacting transactivator with ED-rich tail 2 (Cited2) protein in cumulus cells (CCs) derived from patients undergoing IVF related to infertility factors, embryo quality, and clinical outcomes in one IVF cycle. Retrospective analysis of human CCs. Public hospital and university. A total of 103 (conventional) IVF patients and 32 intracytoplasmic sperm injection patients. All CCs from each patient's oocytes were considered as one sample. The patients were divided into two groups according to whether the Cited2/β-actin levels in their CCs were above or below the mean level detected for all patients. Embryo quality and clinical outcomes of IVF patients. The oocytes derived from the group of patients whose CCs showed lower Cited2 levels displayed higher fertilization, transferable embryo, and implantation rates. Moreover, the patients in this group were more likely to have a successful pregnancy outcome. Among different infertility factors, a total of 78.6% of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome had a higher Cited2 level in CCs. Additionally, patients with a lower basal FSH level belonged to the higher Cited2 levels group. The expression of two genes (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 PCK1] and progesterone receptor [PR]) and the glucose content in CCs were also markedly increased in CCs derived from patients with higher Cited2 levels. The present findings imply that Cited2 level in CCs is associated with polycystic ovary syndrome, embryo quality, and pregnancy outcome of IVF patients.//////////////////
Transcriptome analysis of FSH and FSH variant stimulation in granulosa cells from IVM patients reveals novel regulated genes. [Perlman S et al. FSH is crucial for oocyte maturation and fertility and is the main component in infertility treatment in assisted reproduction. The granulosa cells expressing the FSH receptor interact with the oocyte and provide nourishing substrates controlling the oocyte maturation. Thus, transcriptome analysis of granulosa cells stimulated by FSH is of major importance in understanding the communication between oocytes and granulosa cells. In this study, gene expression profiles were assessed in human granulosa cells from normal cycling in vitro maturation (IVM) patients using oligonucleotide gene chips. Granulosa cells were stimulated for 2 h with either FSH or a previously generated glycosylated FSH variant (FSH1208) that exhibited increased in vivo activity because of prolonged half-life. The analysis identified 74 significantly FSH/FSH1208 regulated genes. Amongst these were well known FSH regulated genes as well as genes not previously described to be important in the FSH signalling pathway. These novel FSH regulated genes include transcription factors [cAMP responsive element modulator (CREM)/inducible cAMP early repressors (ICER), GATA 6, ZFN 361, Bcl11a, CITED1 and TCF 8] and other regulatory proteins and enzymes (IGF-BP3, syntaxin and PCK1) possibly important for oocyte/granulosa cell interaction and function. Array data were validated for 13 genes by northern blots or RT-PCR. Furthermore, no significant differences in gene regulation were detected between the two FSH analogs. This work uncovers novel data important for understanding the folliculogenesis. Furthermore, the results suggest that FSH1208 has a gene expression profile like FSH and thus, in the light of known prolonged in vivo activity, might be a candidate for improved infertility treatment.
Follicle stages
Comment
Transcriptomic Analysis of Ovaries from Pigs with High And Low Litter Size. Zhang X et al. (2015) Litter size is one of the most important economic traits for pig production as it is directly related to the production efficiency. Litter size is affected by interactions between multiple genes and the environment. While recent studies have identified some genes associated with prolificacy in pigs, transcriptomic studies of specific genes affecting litter size in porcine ovaries are rare. In order to identify candidate genes associated with litter size in swine, we assessed gene expression differences between the ovaries of Yorkshire pigs with extremely high and low litter sizes using the RNA-Seq method. A total of 1 243 differentially expressed genes were identified: 897 genes were upregulated and 346 genes were downregulated in high litter size ovary samples compared with low litter size ovary samples. A large number of these genes related to steroid hormone regulation in animal ovaries, including 59 Gene Ontology terms and 27 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways involved in steroid biosynthesis and ovarian steroidogenesis. From these differentially expressed genes, we identified a total of 11 genes using a bioinformatics screen that may be associated with high litter size in Yorkshire pigs. These results provide a list of new candidate genes for porcine litter size and prolificacy to be further investigated.The 10 most differentially expressed genes (log2FoldChange ≥4) from the total of 1 243 DEGs identified between the high and low litter size samples were: homogentisate 1,2 dioxygenase (HGD); phosphoenylpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK1), HSD17B2; early growth response 4 (EGR4), a member of the ras oncogene family (RAB33A); solute carrier protein family 6 (SLC6A20B); zinc finger protein (GLI1); U6 spliceosomal RNA (U6); solute carrier protein family 7 (SLC7A11); and spectrin alpha chain eyrythrocytic 1 (SPTA1), respectively
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