NCBI Summary:
Carbonyl reductase is one of several monomeric, NADPH-dependent oxidoreductases having wide specificity for carbonyl compounds. The enzyme is widely distributed in human tissues. This gene is closely linked to another carbonyl reductase gene, the CBR3 gene. The location of the gene near the SOD1 gene and the increased enzyme activity and potential for free radical modulation in trisomy 21 cells implicate CBR1 as a candidate for contributing to the pathology of Down syndrome.
General function
Enzyme
Comment
Cellular localization
Cytoplasmic
Comment
Ovarian function
Luteinization
Comment
Auto-amplification system for prostaglandin F2a in bovine corpus luteum. Kumagai A 2014 et al.
The bovine corpus luteum (CL) is hypothesized to utilize a local auto-amplification system for prostaglandin (PG) F2a production. The objective of the present study was to determine if such a PGF2a auto-amplification system exists in the bovine CL, and if so, which factors regulate it. PGF2a significantly stimulated intra-luteal PGF2a production in all luteal phases, but did not affect PGE2 production. The stimulatory effect of exogenous PGF2a on CL PGF2a production was lower at the early luteal phase. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), significantly suppressed the PGF2a-stimulated PGF2a production by luteal tissue, indicating that the PGF2a in the medium was of luteal origin. Consistent with these secreted-PGF2a profiles, PGF2a receptor (PTGFR) protein expression was higher during the mid and late luteal phases than at early and developing luteal phases. Treatment of cultured bovine luteal cells obtained from the mid luteal phase with PGF2a (1?M) significantly increased the expressions of PTGS2, PGF synthase (PGFS), and carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1) at 24?h post-treatment. Together, these results suggest the presence of a local auto-amplification system for PGF2a mediated by PTGS2, PGFS, and CBR1 in the bovine CL, which may play an important role in luteolysis. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Expression regulated by
LH
Comment
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects 5% of reproductive aged women and is the leading cause of anovulatory infertility. A hallmark of PCOS is excessive theca cell androgen secretion, which is directly linked to the symptoms of PCOS. Our previous studies demonstrated that theca cells from PCOS ovaries maintained in long term culture persistently secrete significantly greater amounts of androgens than normal theca cells, suggesting an intrinsic abnormality. Furthermore, previous studies suggested that ovarian hyperandrogenemia is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. However, the genes responsible for ovarian hyperandrogenemia of PCOS have not been identified. In this present study, Wood JR, et al carried out microarray analysis to define the gene networks involved in excess androgen synthesis by the PCOS theca cells in order to identify candidate PCOS genes. Analysis revealed that PCOS theca cells have a gene expression profile that is distinct from normal theca cells. Included in the cohort of genes with increased mRNA abundance in PCOS theca cells were aldehyde dehydrogenase 6 and retinol dehydrogenase 2, which play a role in all-trans-retinoic acid biosynthesis and the transcription factor GATA6. We demonstrated that retinoic acid and GATA6 increased the expression of 17alpha-hydroxylase, providing a functional link between altered gene expression and intrinsic abnormalities in PCOS theca cells. Thus, the analyses have 1) defined a stable molecular phenotype of PCOS theca cells, 2) suggested new mechanisms for excess androgen synthesis by PCOS theca cells, and 3) identified new candidate genes that may be involved in the genetic etiology of PCOS. This is one of the genes with Altered mRNA Abundance in PCOS Theca Cells as compared with normal theca cells Maintained Under Basal Conditions.
Gene expression decreased. Luteinization of porcine preovulatory follicles leads to systematic changes in follicular gene expression. Agca C et al. The LH surge initiates the luteinization of preovulatory follicles and causes hormonal and structural changes that ultimately lead to ovulation and the formation of corpora lutea. The objective of the study was to examine gene expression in ovarian follicles (n = 11) collected from pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) approaching estrus (estrogenic preovulatory follicle; n = 6 follicles from two sows) and in ovarian follicles collected from pigs on the second day of estrus (preovulatory follicles that were luteinized but had not ovulated; n = 5 follicles from two sows). The follicular status within each follicle was confirmed by follicular fluid analyses of estradiol and progesterone ratios. Microarrays were made from expressed sequence tags that were isolated from cDNA libraries of porcine ovary. Gene expression was measured by hybridization of fluorescently labeled cDNA (preovulatory estrogenic or -luteinized) to the microarray. Microarray analyses detected 107 and 43 genes whose expression was decreased or increased (respectively) during the transition from preovulatory estrogenic to -luteinized (P<0.01). Cells within preovulatory estrogenic follicles had a gene-expression profile of proliferative and metabolically active cells that were responding to oxidative stress. Cells within preovulatory luteinized follicles had a gene-expression profile of nonproliferative and migratory cells with angiogenic properties. Approximately, 40% of the discovered genes had unknown function.